1. In a famous series of experiments conducted by Harry Harlow, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at birth. The infants were then given two surrogate mothers (a terry-cloth "mother" and a wire "mother"), each of which alternately had a nursing bottle that provided food to the infants. The experimental results showed that in frightening situations the infant monkeys...
were more likely to become aggressive toward the wire mother than toward the terry-cloth mother
failed to seek out either of the mothers because of their lack of experience in seeking contact comfort
preferred the wire mother, even when the terry-cloth mother had the nursing bottle
preferred the terry-cloth mother, even when the wire mother had the nursing bottle
would run and cling to whichever mother had the nursing bottle

2. According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?
Individuals may have peak experiences when meeting physiological needs
Self-actualization will always precede the meeting of needs for esteem
There are cultural differences in the rate at which individuals attain self-actualization
Women are more likely to reach self-actualization than men are
Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization

3. In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development?
clinical case study
between subjects
cross-sectional
ethnographic
longitudinal

4. Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive...
patterns
depth
size constancy
shape constancy
different hues

5. All of the following infant behaviors are usually considered by developmental psychologists to be reflexes EXCEPT...
rooting
sucking
grasping
attachment
all of these are innate reflexes

6. Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following?
Personal conscience is innate and all human beings develop it at the same rate
By adulthood, all people judge moral issues in terms of self-chosen principles
Ethical principles are defined by ideals of reciprocity and human equality in individualistic societies, but by ideals of law and order in collectivistic societies
Children grow up with morals similar to those of their parents
Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles

7. Which of the following accurately describes a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past twenty-five years?
A shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the life span
A shift from a cognitive to a psychoanalytic interpretation of developmental phenomena
A shift in research focus from cognitive to personality development
A decrease in interest in the physiological factors affecting growth and development
A decrease in interest in the study of the cognitive components of intellect

8. According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?
sensorimotor
preoperational
symbolic
concrete operations
formal operations

9. The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed...
nature vs. nurture
developmental vs. cognitive
cross-sectional vs. longitudinal
continuity vs. discontinuity
maturation vs. learning

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